Group+9

=Behaviorism=

**__ Main elements of behaviorism: __**

1. an approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior
===2. Classical conditioning: response is paired with a naturally occurring stimulus. Then previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus. Eventually,, the neutral stimulus induces the response without the the naturally occurring stimulus. These two aspects are known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response. === ===3. Operant conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. A relationship is formed between the behavior and the consequence ===

**__ Theorists and their contributions __**__:__ **Watson ** • **Determined that the appropriate stimuli and repeated practice led to desired behavior ** • **Eradicated heredity as it pertains to behavior **

**Pavlov ** • **Environmental stumuli can be manipulated to illicit a human response ** • **Generalization of conditioned response to similar conditioned stimulus ** • **Extinction of conditioned response when conditioned/unconditioned stimuli are ** **removed **

**Thorndike ** • **Changes in human behavior could only be proven by their observable behavior, ** **not by internal activity that is analyzed ** • **Believed humans learned by ideas ** • **Discounted the S-R connection, believing consequences strengthen or weaken a ** **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">response **

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Skinner ** • **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Believed in Natural Selection ** • **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">“Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences.”; strengthened by its ** **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">consequence, which is reinforced by the behavior ** • **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Appears to dismiss the creative aspects of cognition ** • **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">No formal stages of development, but proposed phases of environmental treatment that corresponds to age **

// Information Centered Learning // · One teaching approach to behaviorism is information-centered learning. This has the students’ only focus on what they are learning out of context. Technology can easily assist this style. By working with computers students are only going to be focusing on what is in front of them. // Frequent and Accurate Feedback // · Behaviorism also tends to use frequent feedback to the students. By working on computers, the computers can give feedback to students as they go along. This allows the students to know exactly what they are doing right and wrong. // Breaking Information into Small Units // · Breaking information up into small units is also a general technique for behaviorism. Again computer centered learning can do this. By breaking up chapters into files for students to work on, not only do they have to focus on less at once, but they can also work at their own pace, working through each file as they complete them
 * __ Behaviorism and Integrated Technology __**

// Classrooms // · One of the best ways to design a behaviorist classroom that uses computer-based learning is to have rooms where you can have both desks and stations for students to work at. If there are not enough computers for all students to work on at once, breaking students into groups is your best option. This way you can provide instruction to some while the others work on computers. // Instruction // · The instruction for students would be focused on the information and broken up into short lessons. This allows the students to work with small blocks at a time, and not be distracted by outside factors so they can just assimilate the material. // Everything Else // · The targeted grade level of the instruction can be any grade level, although it would probably be more effective with younger children, probably, up to eighth grade. Once into high school students should become more used to working with their peers. Also once out of grade school, students generally have a slightly more developed attention span. This allows them to focus on the teacher and not just on a computer. However, this type of instruction can be still be used, as an out of classroom tool. This would allow personalized instruction, instant feedback, and for the students to work at their own pace. http://viking.coe.uh.edu/~ichen/ebook/et-it/behavior.htm http://www.scumdoctor.com/psychology/behaviorism/Behaviorism-Teaching-Style-In-Education.html
 * __ Classroom and Instruction Design __**

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Behaviorism is like direct instruction because it includes a lot of lecture, seatwork, and demonstration. Therefore the focus is on the teacher having control and being the expert on a concept and informing the students on that concept. The students all learn the same information the same way because there is no room for difference and individuality; this is a problem for students with learning disabilities. They are also both used as drill and practice instruction.

Behavorism is used in contrast to constructivism. Students in a constructivist classroom are seen as little "Scientists" and are supposed to interact, explore, and learn a topic. Constructivism is based on students exploring learning by experiments whereas Behaviorism is based on does not focus on individual activities. Constructivism sees differences in children whereas behaviorism sees no difference in students.

__<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">References: __ **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">([]) ** **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[] ** **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[] ** **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">[] **

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/f/behaviorism.htm **